Glands in the ear produce sebum and cerumen, which combine with dead skin cells and foreign substances, such as cosmetics and dirt, to form earwax. This substance not only facilitates removal of unwanted items from the ear, but also cleans, lubricates and protects the lining of the ear canal, as it has antibacterial properties and is mildly acidic. 

Anyone can experience a build-up of earwax, but it is only when it is compressed, usually due to repeatedly inserting something into the ear (e.g. a hearing aid or cotton bud) that hearing impairment may occur.

Treatment

• If wax removal is necessary, softening drops (e.g. olive or almond oil, normal saline or sodium bicarbonate 5%) should be used for three to five days beforehand – although drops are not appropriate if there is a chance the eardrum is perforated. This intervention may be all that is required whereas, in others, irrigation (syringing) is needed. If hearing loss persists after wax removal, or the wax proves difficult to shift, an ENT referral is warranted
• Individuals who suffer from recurrent wax problems may benefit from using drops regularly (anything from daily to fortnightly). There is no evidence supporting one product over another, frequency of use, or even effectiveness, and repeated treatment may be required. Self-cleaning using cotton buds or similar, and ear candling are not recommended.